Catron County is one of the most rural counties in the United States, and its ranching community reflects a long tradition of livestock production, frontier self-reliance and strong local identity. Ranching there developed in the late 19th century when cattle operations spread across the open ranges of western New Mexico. The landscape includes high desert grasslands, rugged mountains and vast public lands and is shaped by a style of ranching that depends on large grazing allotments, seasonal movement of cattle and careful management of scarce water and forage.
Because much of the county is federally managed land, ranchers often interact with agencies like the United States Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management to maintain grazing permits. This relationship has sometimes been cooperative and sometimes contentious, especially when policies affecting grazing, endangered species or wildfire management are introduced. The community has historically defended local control and property rights, and the county became nationally known in the early 1990s for the Catron County Ordinance Movement, when officials and ranchers challenged federal environmental regulations they believed threatened their livelihoods.

